Gastro-intestinal carcinoids are slow growing tumors arising from enterochromaffin or Kulchitsky cells. Their clinical presentation depends on what combination of bioactive substances is secreted. Midgut carcinoid can present with the carcinoid syndrome in the presence of liver metastases. Its most typical clinical manifestations include cutaneous flushing and diarrhea. A nonspecific biochemical tumor marker for carcinoid tumors is serum chromogranin A and a specific marker for the carcinoid syndrome is the increased urinary excretion of 5-hydroxy indole acetic acid (5-HIAA). Localizing […]

Imaging plays a vital role in the evaluation of adrenal pathology. The most widely used modalities are computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Alone or in conjunction with appropriate clinical and biochemical data, imaging can provide specific diagnoses that preclude the need for tissue sampling. This article reviews imaging features of normal and diseased adrenals, from both benign and malignant causes.