ABSTRACT The hypothalamus is a master regulator of energy balance in the body. First-order hypothalamic neurons localized in the arcuate nucleus sense systemic signals that indicate the energy stores in the body. Through distinct projections, arcuate nucleus neurons communicate with second-order neurons, which are mostly localized in the paraventricular nucleus and in the lateral hypothalamus. The signals then proceed to third- and fourth-order neurons that activate complex responses aimed at maintaining whole-body energy homeostasis. During the last 30 years, since […]

A complex hypothalamic network of hormones and neuropeptides regulates body weight. Mutations in these hormones/peptides, their receptors or regulatory elements, have been described in humans, but they are rare and could not explain the commonest forms of obesity. Nevertheless, the study of these mutations has favored a great progress in the knowledge of genetic basis and physiopathology of obesity, opening new perspectives on the therapeutic approach of this prevalent disease. Recently, mutations in the melanocortin 4 receptor have been found […]