editorials April 01, 2015 April 01, 2015

Asymptomatic vertebral fracture: a wolf in sheep’s clothing?

DOI: 10.1590/2359-3997000000017

Various methods are available for the detection of the so-called morphometric vertebral fracture in patients who have low bone density but do not present with the classical symptoms of severe back pain due to vertebral collapse. The semiquantitative (SQ) method was developed for the purpose of correcting the subjective evaluation of radiographs and is widely used in epidemiological studies and clinical trials (). It consists of an assessment of the height of vertebral bodies at the anterior, middle and posterior portions and the evaluation of the percentage of apparent reduction between them, grading the severity of the fracture as follows: Grade 0, when there is no fracture; Grade I, when there is a 20-25% reduction in vertebral body height; Grade II, when the reduction is between 25 and 40%; and Grade III when the reduction is > 40%. The assessment of vertebral fractures can also be made by the algorithm-based qualitative ABQ Jiang method, which is a modified approach for the visual diagnosis of vertebral fractures (). Vertebral fracture is identified when there is evidence of central terminal plate depression and not only by the reduction in the vertebral height itself. As criteria for the presence of fractures the ABQ Jiang method uses evidence of osteoporotic endplate depression, with or without apophysis or cortical fracture.

The semiquantitative approach can be applied during bone mineral density (BMD) evaluation by the dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry technique, also known as vertebral fracture assessment (VFA). Although conventional radiography of the spine is considered the standard method for the detection of vertebral fractures, VFA exposes the patient to lower radiation, has a lower cost and may be less operator-dependent (). One potential disadvantage of conventional radiographic vertebral morphometry is related to the geometric distortions of the vertebral bodies inherent in the use of cone-beam geometry technique, in which each point on the radiograph is magnified and distorted in different ways. Compared with the center of the radiograph, which is less magnified and viewed at a more perpendicular angle, the periphery (edge) is more magnified and viewed at a more oblique angle. This issue of obliquity is minimized with VFA, particularly when performed with the patient in the supine position (). Conventional visual radiographs are useful in identifying degenerative vertebral disease, which may resemble fractures when seen on VFA with automatic contour delineation of the vertebral bodies.

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